2025-11-01
This dataset include 463 confirmed cases admitted from 2018-08-05 to 2019-07-15.
56% women and 4% children ≤5 years.
150 confirmed deaths reported for an average CFR of 32%.
\[ Ct_{ij} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 (\text{Time from Onset}_{ij}) + \beta_2 (\text{Outcome}_i) + \beta_3 (\text{Time from Onset} \times \text{Outcome}_i) + u_i + \epsilon_{ij} \]
These complications are inferred from laboratory results :
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| CT at Admission | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | ⬇ |
| Admission Delay | 1.02 (1-1.04) | ⬆ |
| Hyperkaliemia | 1.27 (0.82-1.97) | ↔︎ |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1.16 (0.8-1.67) | ↔︎ |
| Anuria | 1.36 (0.8-2.32) | ↔︎ |
| Difficulty breathing | 1.58 (1.2-2.08) | ⬆ |
| Signs of dehydration | 0.65 (0.47-0.91) | ⬇ |
| Unusual Bleeding/Bruising | 1.32 (1.07-1.64) | ⬆ |
| Anorexia | 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | ↔︎ |
| Diarrhoea | 1.14 (0.85-1.52) | ↔︎ |
| Fatigue/Weakness | 1.51 (0.89-2.58) | ↔︎ |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 0.85 (0.6-1.19) | ↔︎ |
| Sore throat / Swallowing | 1.06 (0.82-1.37) | ↔︎ |
| Variable | Relative Risk (95% CI) | Direction |
|---|---|---|
| CT at Admission | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | ↔︎ |
| Experimental Treatment (any) | 1.96 (1.03-3.73) | ⬆ |
| Hyperkaliemia | 1.83 (0.57-5.96) | ↔︎ |
| Hypokaliemia | 6.49 (2.19-19.19) | ⬆ |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 6.81 (3.44-13.47) | ⬆ |
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 1.47 (0.41-5.22) | ↔︎ |
| Severe Thrombocytopenia | 10.44 (1.72-63.2) | ⬆ |
| Abdominal pain | 1.51 (0.83-2.74) | ↔︎ |
| Agitation | 2.57 (0.89-7.43) | ↔︎ |
| Diarrhoea | 1.02 (0.45-2.35) | ↔︎ |
| Hiccups | 1.71 (0.52-5.62) | ↔︎ |
| Myalgia / Body Pain | 1.43 (0.76-2.67) | ↔︎ |
| Nausea/Vomiting | 1.11 (0.43-2.85) | ↔︎ |
| Signs of dehydration | 0.92 (0.38-2.25) | ↔︎ |
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: EVD Outcome | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission | 354 | 134 | 0.73 | 0.67, 0.78 | <0.001 | *** | ⬇ | 0.86 (0.84-0.89) | ||
| Delay from Onset to Admission | 354 | 134 | 1.14 | 1.05, 1.23 | 0.001 | ** | ⬆ | 1.02 (1-1.04) | ||
| Hyperkaliemia | 354 | 134 | 17.7 | 0.75, 1,120 | 0.17 | ⬆ | 2.32 | 1.27 (0.82-1.97) | ||
| Rhabdomyolysis | 354 | 134 | 1.88 | 0.56, 6.77 | 0.31 | ⬆ | 1.89 | 1.16 (0.8-1.67) | ||
| Anuria anytime | 354 | 134 | 2.64 | 0.53, 16.1 | 0.26 | ⬆ | 2.05 | 1.36 (0.8-2.32) | ||
| Difficulty breathing anytime | 354 | 134 | 4.31 | 1.74, 11.4 | 0.002 | ** | ⬆ | 1.91 | 1.58 (1.2-2.08) | |
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 134 | 0.29 | 0.11, 0.71 | 0.008 | ** | ⬇ | 1.14 | 0.65 (0.47-0.91) | |
| Unusual bleeding bruising anytime | 354 | 134 | 2.36 | 1.19, 4.74 | 0.014 | * | ⬆ | 1.85 | 1.32 (1.07-1.64) | |
| Anorexia | 354 | 134 | 0.62 | 0.28, 1.33 | 0.22 | ⬇ | 1.41 | 0.88 (0.65-1.19) | ||
| Diarrhoea | 354 | 134 | 1.14 | 0.54, 2.38 | 0.74 | ⬆ | 1.79 | 1.14 (0.85-1.52) | ||
| Fatigue/weakness anytime | 354 | 134 | 2.48 | 0.83, 7.95 | 0.11 | ⬆ | 2.71 | 1.51 (0.89-2.58) | ||
| Nausea/vomiting anytime | 354 | 134 | 0.52 | 0.24, 1.13 | 0.10 | . | ⬇ | 1.42 | 0.85 (0.6-1.19) | |
| Sore throat/swallowing anytime | 354 | 134 | 1.46 | 0.70, 3.05 | 0.32 | ⬆ | 1.52 | 1.06 (0.82-1.37) | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Renal Impairment | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CT at admission | 354 | 40 | 0.97 | 0.89, 1.05 | 0.45 | ⬇ | 0.97 (0.92-1.03) | |||
| Experimental treatment | 354 | 40 | 2.40 | 1.01, 5.91 | 0.051 | . | ⬆ | 2.40 | 1.96 (1.03-3.73) | |
| Hyperkaliemia | 354 | 40 | 31.9 | 3.17, 355 | 0.003 | ** | ⬆ | 7.08 | 1.83 (0.57-5.96) | |
| Hypokaliemia | 354 | 40 | 16.3 | 2.95, 84.4 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 3.82 | 6.49 (2.19-19.19) | |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 354 | 40 | 38.8 | 11.5, 151 | <0.001 | *** | ⬆ | 9.49 | 6.81 (3.44-13.47) | |
| Severe Hypoglycemia | 354 | 40 | 10.3 | 0.64, 196 | 0.12 | ⬆ | 6.44 | 1.47 (0.41-5.22) | ||
| Severe thrombocytopenia | 354 | 40 | 24.7 | 1.02, 318 | 0.016 | * | ⬆ | 3.00 | 10.44 (1.72-63.2) | |
| Adbominal pain | 354 | 40 | 1.77 | 0.70, 4.53 | 0.23 | ⬆ | 1.88 | 1.51 (0.83-2.74) | ||
| Agitation | 354 | 40 | 3.49 | 0.51, 18.1 | 0.16 | ⬆ | 2.53 | 2.57 (0.89-7.43) | ||
| Diarrhoea | 354 | 40 | 1.41 | 0.46, 4.89 | 0.56 | ⬆ | 2.44 | 1.02 (0.45-2.35) | ||
| Hiccups | 354 | 40 | 3.06 | 0.69, 10.9 | 0.10 | ⬆ | 1.80 | 1.71 (0.52-5.62) | ||
| Myalgia/Body pain | 354 | 40 | 1.76 | 0.73, 4.47 | 0.22 | ⬆ | 2.04 | 1.43 (0.76-2.67) | ||
| Nausea/vomiting anytime | 354 | 40 | 0.94 | 0.32, 3.08 | 0.92 | ⬇ | 2.42 | 1.11 (0.43-2.85) | ||
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 40 | 1.25 | 0.35, 4.02 | 0.71 | ⬆ | 1.96 | 0.92 (0.38-2.25) | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
| Final LASSO-Selected Logistic Regression: Bleeding | ||||||||||
| Multivariable model including LASSO-selected predictors | ||||||||||
| Characteristic | N | Event N | OR | 95% CI | p-value | Significance1 | Direction | Unadjusted RR2 | Adjusted Risk Ratio (95% CI)3 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Signs of dehydration anytime | 354 | 36 | 3.06 | 1.27, 6.97 | 0.009 | ** | ⬆ | 3.02 | 2.54 (1.27-5.07) | |
| CT at admission | 354 | 36 | 0.95 | 0.89, 1.01 | 0.088 | . | ⬇ | 0.95 (0.89-1.02) | ||
| Abbreviations: CI = Confidence Interval, OR = Odds Ratio, NA | ||||||||||
| 1 Odds ratios (OR) obtained by exponentiating the logistic regression coefficients (β). OR > 1 indicates increased odds of the outcome; OR < 1 indicates decreased odds. | ||||||||||
| 2 Raw risk ratios (RR) were calculated as the ratio of the risk of death among participants with the condition (Yes) versus without the condition (No). | ||||||||||
| 3 Adjusted risk ratios (RR) obtained from Poisson regression with robust standard errors. RR > 1 indicates increased risk; RR < 1 indicates decreased risk. | ||||||||||
EVD - North Kivu 2019